{"id":3642,"date":"2014-02-09T18:52:35","date_gmt":"2014-02-09T16:52:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wildtravel.ro\/bird\/starc-de-cireada-bubulcus-ibis\/"},"modified":"2023-02-11T15:16:18","modified_gmt":"2023-02-11T13:16:18","slug":"starc-de-cireada-bubulcus-ibis","status":"publish","type":"bird","link":"https:\/\/wildtravel.ro\/ro\/bird\/starc-de-cireada-bubulcus-ibis\/","title":{"rendered":"Starc de cireada (Bubulcus ibis)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Trebuie s\u0103 fi fost una dintre cele mai pa\u015fnice coloniz\u0103ri ale tuturor timpurilor. Nu s-a tras nici un foc de arm\u0103 \u015fi nu s-a v\u0103rsat nici o pic\u0103tur\u0103 de s\u00e2nge. B\u0103\u015ftina\u015fii nu au fost exploata\u0163i, iar \u0163ara nu a fost pr\u0103dat\u0103. Totu\u015fi, nimic nu le-a stat \u00een cale invadatorilor \u00een timp ce au ocupat \u0163ar\u0103 dup\u0103 \u0163ar\u0103.\"\"<\/p>\n

Invazia a avut loc pe parcursul secolului al XX-lea. \u00cens\u0103 aceast\u0103 \u201ecotropire\u201c a trecut \u00een mare parte neobservat\u0103, deoarece colonizatorii erau ni\u015fte p\u0103s\u0103ri. Aceste \u00eenaripate ingenioase, care populeaz\u0103 \u00een prezent cinci continente, sunt cunoscute sub numele de st\u00e2rci de ciread\u0103, sau Bubulcus ibis, denumirea lor \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103.\"\"<\/p>\n

Veacuri la r\u00e2nd, patria st\u00e2rcului de ciread\u0103 a fost Africa tropical\u0103. \u00cens\u0103, cam cu un secol \u00een urm\u0103, st\u00e2rcul a reu\u015fit s\u0103 colonizeze Africa de Sud. Potrivit unor surse, pe parcursul anilor \u201930 ai secolului trecut, num\u0103rul st\u00e2rcilor de ciread\u0103 care au traversat Atlanticul a fost suficient de mare pentru a \u00eencepe colonizarea Americii de Sud. Pe la mijlocul secolului al XX-lea, colonizatorii au ajuns \u00een Florida, iar un deceniu mai t\u00e2rziu arealul lor s-a extins din Canada p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Argentina. \u201eDac\u0103 st\u00e2rcii de ciread\u0103 … au ajuns \u00een Lumea Nou\u0103 doar zbur\u00e2nd \u015fi l\u0103s\u00e2ndu-se purta\u0163i de v\u00e2nt, atunci ei sunt singurele p\u0103s\u0103ri din Lumea Veche care s-au stabilit pe continentele Americii f\u0103r\u0103 interven\u0163ia omului\u201c, a scris Roger Tory Peterson \u00een 1954.<\/p>\n

Ornitologii au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 tocmai a\u015fa s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat. Se presupune c\u0103, profit\u00e2nd de alizeele dominante, un st\u00e2rc poate traversa oceanul ce separ\u0103 vestul Africii de America de Sud \u00een aproximativ 40 de ore. Iar st\u00e2rcii de ciread\u0103 nu au traversat numai Oceanul Atlantic. Al\u0163ii au zburat spre est, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Noua Zeeland\u0103. \u00cen aceea\u015fi perioad\u0103 au populat o mare parte din Eurasia, vastele lor teritorii \u00eentinz\u00e2ndu-se \u00een prezent din Peninsula Iberic\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Japonia.<\/p>\n

St\u00e2rcul de ciread\u0103 se stabile\u015fte \u00een \u0163\u0103ri \u00een care clima \u00eei prie\u015fte, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een zonele cu ierni aspre migreaz\u0103 \u00een \u0163\u0103rile calde dup\u0103 ce puii \u00eenva\u0163\u0103 s\u0103 zboare. El \u00ee\u015fi continu\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toriile epice chiar \u015fi \u00een ziua de azi, poposind cu precizia unui ceasornic pe insule izolate din Pacific sau chiar \u00een Antarctica.<\/p>\n

Un factor-cheie care i-a asigurat st\u00e2rcului de ciread\u0103 succesul a fost adaptabilitatea lui \u015fi prietenia cu omul, \u00eendeosebi cu cresc\u0103torii de vite. Majoritatea st\u00e2rcilor se hr\u0103nesc cu animale acvatice, \u00eens\u0103 st\u00e2rcul de ciread\u0103 ador\u0103 insectele. De\u015fi de obicei st\u0103 \u00een preajma vitelor, st\u00e2rcului de ciread\u0103 \u00eei place \u015fi compania elefan\u0163ilor, a cangurilor sau a tractoarelor, practic a tot ce zg\u00e2nd\u0103re\u015fte insectele cu care se osp\u0103teaz\u0103. Nu se teme nici chiar de focurile din p\u0103duri.\"\"<\/p>\n

Bine\u00een\u0163eles, de\u015fi st\u00e2rcii \u00ee\u015fi pot procura hrana \u015fi singuri, vitele sunt \u201eh\u0103ita\u015fi\u201c de n\u0103dejde pentru ace\u015fti v\u00e2n\u0103tori \u00eenaripa\u0163i. \u00cen timp ce pasc agale pe p\u0103\u015fune, vitele st\u00e2rnesc cosa\u015fii, mu\u015ftele \u015fi g\u00e2ndacii piti\u0163i \u00een iarb\u0103. P\u0103\u015find al\u0103turi de vite, st\u00e2rcii nu rateaz\u0103 nici o ocazie de a \u00eenh\u0103\u0163a g\u00e2zele ce zboar\u0103 prin preajm\u0103. A\u015fadar, vitele \u00eei ajut\u0103 pe st\u00e2rci s\u0103-\u015fi g\u0103seasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103-\u015fi captureze prada: c\u00e2te dou\u0103, trei insecte pe minut, potrivit unor calcule. Ornitologii sunt de p\u0103rere c\u0103 st\u00e2rcii au de c\u00e2\u015ftigat de pe urma prieteniei cu vitele: consumul lor de energie scade cu 30%, iar num\u0103rul insectelor capturate cre\u015fte cu 50%.<\/p>\n

G\u0103sirea unui tovar\u0103\u015f de v\u00e2n\u0103toare eficient nu a fost singurul motiv ce a stat la baza succesului pe care l-a avut st\u00e2rcul de ciread\u0103 \u00een colonizarea lumii. St\u00e2rcii sunt p\u0103s\u0103ri rezistente. De\u015fi zborul lor pare mai greoi dec\u00e2t zborul liniar \u015fi viguros al ra\u0163elor sau al porumbeilor, st\u00e2rcii pot traversa de\u015fertul Sahara \u015fi, a\u015fa cum s-a ar\u0103tat mai devreme, au parcurs \u00een zbor cei 4000 km ce separ\u0103 vestul Africii de America de Sud.<\/p>\n

St\u00e2rcii de ciread\u0103 par s\u0103 duc\u0103 o via\u0163\u0103 nomad\u0103 \u015fi tocmai acestui dor de duc\u0103 \u00eei datoreaz\u0103 ei succesul expansiunii. Ce alt\u0103 pas\u0103re m\u00e2nc\u0103toare de insecte s-ar aventura p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een pustiul Antarcticii din extremitatea sudic\u0103, dup\u0103 c\u00e2te se pare, doar din curiozitate?<\/p>\n

\u00cen peregrin\u0103rile lor peste hotare, st\u00e2rcii de ciread\u0103 au g\u0103sit habitate ideale aproape peste tot. Pe fiecare continent unde au pus piciorul, fermierii fie transformaser\u0103 vaste terenuri agricole \u00een ferme, fie irigau terenuri ce mi\u015funau de insecte. St\u00e2rcilor nu le-a r\u0103mas dec\u00e2t s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 aici \u015fi s\u0103-\u015fi reia traiul.<\/p>\n

Av\u00e2nd un penaj alb, o fire gregar\u0103 \u015fi pl\u0103cerea de a sta \u00een compania vitelor, st\u00e2rcii au putut fi u\u015for observa\u0163i. Flutur\u00e2ndu-\u015fi aripile pe-ntinderea c\u00e2mpiilor, c\u00e2rdurile albe ca z\u0103pada nu numai c\u0103 \u00eenfrumuse\u0163eaz\u0103 peisajul, dar au \u015fi un important rol \u00een combaterea d\u0103un\u0103torilor. Odat\u0103, \u00een Tanzania, un c\u00e2rd alc\u0103tuit din circa 40 000 de st\u00e2rci a fost z\u0103rit \u00eenfrupt\u00e2ndu-se din roiurile de l\u0103custe. Unii fermieri consider\u0103 c\u0103 st\u00e2rcul de ciread\u0103 este foarte util \u015fi au \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eel foloseasc\u0103 la combaterea insectelor ce le distrug culturile. Fiecare pas\u0103re poate \u00eenghi\u0163i zilnic peste 600 de l\u0103custe \u015fi greieri.<\/p>\n

Dar \u015fi vitelor le prinde bine prezen\u0163a c\u00e2rdurilor de st\u00e2rci, deoarece p\u0103s\u0103rile m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 mu\u015ftele \u015fi alte insecte care \u00een permanen\u0163\u0103 le nec\u0103jesc pe bietele animale. Se pare c\u0103 vitele \u00ee\u015fi dau seama c\u0103 st\u00e2rcii le sunt prieteni \u015fi le tolereaz\u0103 pe neobr\u0103zatele p\u0103s\u0103ri, din c\u00e2nd \u00een c\u00e2nd chiar duc\u00e2ndu-le \u00een c\u00e2rc\u0103.<\/p>\n

St\u00e2rcilor de ciread\u0103 le place s\u0103 stea \u00eempreun\u0103, indiferent c\u0103 sunt \u00een perioada \u00eemperecherii, a cuib\u0103ritului sau c\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi caut\u0103 hrana. \u00cen sezonul \u00eemperecherii, ei \u00eempart de bun\u0103 voie un copac cu alte specii de st\u00e2rci sau cu berze. Se pare c\u0103 acest cuib\u0103rit colectiv \u00eei \u0163ine departe pe pr\u0103d\u0103tori \u015fi toate speciile trag foloase de pe urma \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irii c\u0103minului. Treb\u0103luind de zor, \u00een colonii e mai tot timpul mare g\u00e2lceav\u0103. F\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 stea prea mult pe g\u00e2nduri, st\u00e2rcii fur\u0103 be\u0163e din cuiburile vecine, motiv pentru care se ciond\u0103nesc \u00eentruna. Unii se apleac\u0103 lene\u015fi peste cuib, pe c\u00e2nd al\u0163ii adun\u0103 cu h\u0103rnicie de sub copac be\u0163ele c\u0103zute din cuiburi. Rudele lor, berzele \u015fi ceilal\u0163i st\u00e2rci, ale c\u0103ror cuiburi voluminoase sunt coco\u0163ate pe ramurile mai mari, de obicei ignor\u0103 toat\u0103 ciorov\u0103iala din jur.<\/p>\n

\u00cen impresionantele parade nup\u0163iale din sezonul \u00eemperecherii, partenerii se \u00eentind, cl\u0103mp\u0103nesc din cioc, iar masculii \u00ee\u015fi expun \u0163an\u0163o\u015fi penele galbene. C\u00e2nd unul dintre p\u0103rin\u0163i sose\u015fte la cuib, partenerul \u00eel \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 cu un aer ceremonios, \u00eenfoindu-\u015fi penele de pe spate. Dansurile lor nu sunt greu de observat, deoarece p\u0103s\u0103rile accept\u0103 prezen\u0163a omului.<\/p>\n

Indiferent c\u0103 face\u0163i un safari \u00een Africa, traversa\u0163i o p\u0103\u015fune din America de Nord sau vizita\u0163i orez\u0103riile din Orient, s-ar putea s\u0103 z\u0103ri\u0163i minuna\u0163ii st\u00e2rci, poate plimb\u00e2ndu-se \u00een jurul elefan\u0163ilor, st\u00e2nd fuduli pe spinarea vreunui taur sau doar zbur\u00e2nd spre cuib la asfin\u0163it. Oriunde i-a\u0163i vedea, st\u00e2rcii de ciread\u0103 dau un farmec aparte peisajului rural, aduc\u00e2nd \u00een acela\u015fi timp \u015fi un serviciu util omului \u015fi animalului. Epica lor colonizare a fost una dintre cele mai pa\u015fnice coloniz\u0103ri cunoscute vreodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

St\u00e2rcii de ciread\u0103 au colonizat cinci continente, sim\u0163indu-se la fel de bine at\u00e2t \u00een compania elefan\u0163ilor, c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een cea a vitelor: Guyana, Australia, Kenya, Statele Unite, Spania.<\/p>\n

foto: Mihai Baciu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trebuie s\u0103 fi fost una dintre cele mai pa\u015fnice coloniz\u0103ri ale tuturor timpurilor. Nu s-a tras nici un foc de arm\u0103 \u015fi nu s-a v\u0103rsat nici o pic\u0103tur\u0103 de s\u00e2nge. B\u0103\u015ftina\u015fii nu au fost exploata\u0163i, iar \u0163ara nu a fost pr\u0103dat\u0103. Totu\u015fi, nimic nu le-a stat \u00een cale invadatorilor \u00een timp ce au ocupat \u0163ar\u0103 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":36254,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"birdwatching":[],"class_list":["post-3642","bird","type-bird","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nStarc de cireada (Bubulcus ibis) - wild travel in Delta Dunarii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wildtravel.ro\/ro\/bird\/starc-de-cireada-bubulcus-ibis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Starc de cireada (Bubulcus ibis) - wild travel in Delta Dunarii\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Trebuie s\u0103 fi fost una dintre cele mai pa\u015fnice coloniz\u0103ri ale tuturor timpurilor. 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